What impurities need to be removed from natural water by reverse osmosis equipment?

Natural water refers to water environments such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Impurities present in natural water are mainly introduced from the natural environment it comes into contact with, such as the atmosphere and soil. Various pollutants generated by human activities also enter natural water bodies. Water is a solvent with strong dissolving capabilities. As water comes into contact with air, soil, and other elements in the natural environment, various impurities inevitably enter the water. During human use of water, such as in daily life and industrial and agricultural production, numerous pollutants are introduced into the water, negatively impacting life and production. Therefore, water treatment is necessary before use, for example, using reverse osmosis equipment to remove these impurities. So what kinds of impurities are in the water?

I. Based on the size of the impurities, they can be divided into dissolved substances, colloidal particles, and suspended solids. The properties of impurities in water are often related to their shape and density.

1 Suspended solids:

These mainly consist of inorganic substances like mud and sand, and organic substances produced during the life cycle of plants and animals, or their byproducts after death. Because of their larger size, these impurities are unstable in water and often suspended in the water flow. When the water is still, those with lower relative density will float to the surface, while those with higher relative density will sink, making them easy to remove.

2 Colloids:

These mainly consist of fine sand, minerals, and other inorganic substances, as well as organic substances like humus. Colloidal particles have a large surface area, exhibiting significant surface activity. They often adsorb many ions and become charged, thus repelling each other due to the same charge and stably existing in the water as tiny particles.

3 Dissolved substances:

These mainly consist of ions and molecules in a true solution state, such as Ca+ 、 Mg2+ 、 CI These ions are invisible; water containing these impurities looks no different from pure water without impurities.

Effective removal of the above impurities requires reverse osmosis equipment,

II. From a chemical structure perspective, water impurities can be classified into inorganic substances, organic substances, and biological substances.

1 Inorganic impurities:

The inorganic impurities in natural water mainly consist of soluble ions, gases, and suspended sand. Soluble ions include Ca* 、 Mg*+ 、 Na* and other cations, and HCO3~ 、 SO3~ 、 Cl and other anions. The presence of these ions results in different salinity, hardness, pH and conductivity characteristics of natural water, thus exhibiting different physicochemical properties. The presence of sand makes the water turbid.

2 Organic impurities:

Organic substances in natural water are closely related to the aquatic environment. Common organic impurities include humic substances and some proteins. Humic substances are organic components of soil, products of the decomposition of plant and animal remains in soil, and are hydrophilic acidic substances with molecular weights ranging from a few hundred to tens of thousands. Humic substances themselves generally do not have a direct toxic effect on the human body, but most types can react with other compounds and therefore have the potential to harm human health. For example, humic acid reacts with chlorine to produce trichloromethane, which is carcinogenic.

3 Biological ( Microbiological ) impurities:

These impurities include protozoa, algae, bacteria, and viruses. These 3 impurities can cause off-flavors and odors in water, increase its color and turbidity, and lead to various diseases.  
Effective removal of the above impurities requires ultrapure water equipment ，

III. Based on the source of impurities, they can be classified as natural and man-made substances. With the continuous expansion of human activities and the increasing scale and variety of human social production, the types and quantities of pollutants in natural water bodies are increasing. The most numerous are man-made organic substances, mainly pesticides, insecticides, and organic solvents, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, and carbon tetrachloride. Currently, hundreds of

organic compounds have been detected in water worldwide. In the United States, 2000 organic pollutants have been identified in water, 700 many of which are teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic substances. 100 Many
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